Benzoxazinoids in wheat allelopathy – From discovery to application for sustainable weed management

Allelopathic activity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has previously been associated with the production phenolic acids and flavonoids (PAF), benzoxazinones (BXZs) phenoxazinones (PXZs). The biosynthesis BXZs is closely regulated during cereal growth, accumulation highest in young tissues variation genotype environmental conditions. This review focused on BXZ metabolites their impact germination, seedling growth physiological, biochemical, transcriptional proteome traits surrounding plants weeds. major pathways employed by for benzoxazinoid detoxification involve hydroxylation glucosylation polymerisation intermediates these pathways. Allelochemicals from various genotypes have shown to inhibit selected weed species, including Bromus japonicus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea, Avena fatua Lolium rigidum. Wheat allelopathy potentially exploited standpoint crop mulches, incorporation residues, tissue disruption, intercropping allelopathic cultivars application aqueous extracts. suppress development certain agricultural pests, insects, fungal pathogens, Many native plants, fungi insect herbivores inherently possess varying tolerance levels towards BXZs. However, other BXZ- susceptible species are adversely impacted elevated plants. Thus, considerations selection breeding possessing enhanced defensive ability via contents discussed. Here, objectives reconsidered a focus co-evolutionary aspects potential impacts biodiversity agroecosystems under study. For future efforts be successful, it important take such adverse into account, combination an increased enhancing beneficial effects within systems.